// Created by libAntimony v2.8.0
model *MODEL8609366518()

  // Compartments and Species:
  compartment cyto, extra, cyto_mem;
  species AC_active_cyto_mem in cyto_mem, G_GDP_cyto in cyto, G_protein_cyto in cyto;
  species G_a_s_cyto in cyto, GRK_bg_cyto in cyto, iso_BAR_p_cyto_mem in cyto_mem;
  species PDE4_cyto in cyto, ATP_cyto in cyto, AC_PKA_cyto_mem in cyto_mem;
  species R2C2_cyto in cyto, PP_PDE_cyto in cyto, BAR_cyto_mem in cyto_mem;
  species BAR_G_cyto_mem in cyto_mem, iso_extra in extra, iso_BAR_cyto_mem in cyto_mem;
  species MAPK_active_cyto in cyto, MEK_cyto in cyto, MEK_active_cyto in cyto;
  species B_Raf_active_cyto in cyto, bg_cyto in cyto, B_Raf_cyto in cyto;
  species PKA_cyto in cyto, AC_cyto_mem in cyto_mem, AMP_cyto in cyto, GRK_cyto in cyto;
  species PP2A_cyto in cyto, MAPK_cyto in cyto, PTP_cyto in cyto, PTP_PKA_cyto in cyto;
  species c_R2C2_cyto in cyto, c2_R2C2_cyto in cyto, c3_R2C2_cyto in cyto;
  species iso_BAR_G_cyto_mem in cyto_mem, PDE_high_km_cyto in cyto, cAMP_cyto in cyto;
  species PTP_PP_cyto in cyto, PDE4_P_cyto in cyto;

  // Assignment Rules:
  Vmax_pde4_p_pde4_p := 20*0.00166112956810631*PDE4_P_cyto;
  Vmax_PPase_Raf := kcat_PPase_Raf*0.00166112956810631*PP2A_cyto;
  Vmax_PDE4_PDE4 := 8*0.00166112956810631*PDE4_cyto;
  Vmax_MEK_activates_MAPK := 0.15*0.00166112956810631*MEK_active_cyto;
  Vmax_PKA_activates_Raf := kcat_PKA_activates_Raf*0.00166112956810631*PKA_cyto;
  Vmax_AC_active_AC_active := 8.5*AC_active_cyto_mem;
  Vmax_highKM_PDE := 8*0.00166112956810631*PDE_high_km_cyto;
  Vmax_PKA_P_PTP := kcat_PKA_P_PTP*0.00166112956810631*PKA_cyto;
  Vmax_AC_basal_AC_basal := 0.2*AC_cyto_mem;
  Vmax_grk_GRK := 0.104*0.00166112956810631*GRK_cyto;
  Vmax_PKA_P_PDE := 10*0.00166112956810631*PKA_cyto;
  Vmax_Raf_activates_MEK := 0.105*0.00166112956810631*B_Raf_active_cyto;
  Vmax_PTP_PKA := kcat_PTP_PKA*0.00166112956810631*PTP_PKA_cyto;
  Vmax_PTP := kcat_PTP*0.00166112956810631*PTP_cyto;
  Vmax_PPase_MAPK := kcat_PPase_MAPK*0.00166112956810631*PP2A_cyto;
  Vmax_pp2a_4_pp2a_4 := 5*0.00166112956810631*PP_PDE_cyto;
  Vmax_pp_ptp := kcat_pp_ptp_pp_ptp*0.00166112956810631*PTP_PP_cyto;
  Vmax_GRK_bg_GRK_bg := 1.34*0.00166112956810631*GRK_bg_cyto;
  Vmax_PPase_mek := kcat_PPase_mek*0.00166112956810631*PP2A_cyto;

  // Reactions:
  activate_Gs: iso_BAR_G_cyto_mem -> iso_BAR_cyto_mem + bg_cyto + G_a_s_cyto; (activate_Gs_Kf_activate_Gs*iso_BAR_G_cyto_mem - activate_Gs_Kr_activate_Gs*iso_BAR_cyto_mem*0.00166112956810631*bg_cyto*0.00166112956810631*G_a_s_cyto)*cyto_mem;
  pde4_p: cAMP_cyto -> AMP_cyto; Vmax_pde4_p_pde4_p*0.00166112956810631*cAMP_cyto*(1/(pde4_p_Km_pde4_p + 0.00166112956810631*cAMP_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  PPase_Raf: B_Raf_active_cyto -> B_Raf_cyto; Vmax_PPase_Raf*0.00166112956810631*B_Raf_active_cyto*(1/(PPase_Raf_Km + 0.00166112956810631*B_Raf_active_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  iso_binds_BAR: BAR_cyto_mem + iso_extra -> iso_BAR_cyto_mem; (iso_binds_BAR_Kf*BAR_cyto_mem*0.00166112956810631*iso_extra + -(iso_binds_BAR_Kr*iso_BAR_cyto_mem))*cyto_mem;
  PDE4: cAMP_cyto -> AMP_cyto; Vmax_PDE4_PDE4*0.00166112956810631*cAMP_cyto*(1/(PDE4_Km_PDE4 + 0.00166112956810631*cAMP_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  bg_binds_GRK: GRK_cyto + bg_cyto -> GRK_bg_cyto; (bg_binds_GRK_Kf_bg_binds_GRK*0.00166112956810631*GRK_cyto*0.00166112956810631*bg_cyto + -(bg_binds_GRK_Kr_bg_binds_GRK*0.00166112956810631*GRK_bg_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  MEK_activates_MAPK: MAPK_cyto -> MAPK_active_cyto; Vmax_MEK_activates_MAPK*0.00166112956810631*MAPK_cyto*(1/(MEK_activates_MAPK_Km + 0.00166112956810631*MAPK_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  PKA_activates_Raf: B_Raf_cyto -> B_Raf_active_cyto; Vmax_PKA_activates_Raf*0.00166112956810631*B_Raf_cyto*(1/(PKA_activates_Raf_Km + 0.00166112956810631*B_Raf_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  AC_active: ATP_cyto -> cAMP_cyto; Vmax_AC_active_AC_active*0.00166112956810631*ATP_cyto*(1/(AC_active_Km_AC_active + 0.00166112956810631*ATP_cyto))*cyto_mem;
  GTPase: G_a_s_cyto -> G_GDP_cyto; (GTPase_Kf_GTPase*0.00166112956810631*G_a_s_cyto + -(GTPase_Kr_GTPase*0.00166112956810631*G_GDP_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  trimer: bg_cyto + G_GDP_cyto -> G_protein_cyto; (trimer_Kf_trimer*0.00166112956810631*bg_cyto*0.00166112956810631*G_GDP_cyto + -(trimer_Kr_trimer*0.00166112956810631*G_protein_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  G_binds_iso_BAR: iso_BAR_cyto_mem + G_protein_cyto -> iso_BAR_G_cyto_mem; (G_binds_iso_BAR_Kf_G_binds_iso_BAR*iso_BAR_cyto_mem*0.00166112956810631*G_protein_cyto + -(G_binds_iso_BAR_Kr_G_binds_iso_BAR*iso_BAR_G_cyto_mem))*cyto_mem;
  A2: c3_R2C2_cyto + cAMP_cyto -> PKA_cyto; (A2_Kf*0.00166112956810631*c3_R2C2_cyto*0.00166112956810631*cAMP_cyto + -(A2_Kr*0.00166112956810631*PKA_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  highKM_PDE: cAMP_cyto -> AMP_cyto; Vmax_highKM_PDE*0.00166112956810631*cAMP_cyto*(1/(highKM_PDE_Km + 0.00166112956810631*cAMP_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  PKA_P_PTP: PTP_cyto -> PTP_PKA_cyto; Vmax_PKA_P_PTP*0.00166112956810631*PTP_cyto*(1/(PKA_P_PTP_Km + 0.00166112956810631*PTP_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  AC_activation: G_a_s_cyto + AC_cyto_mem -> AC_active_cyto_mem; (AC_activation_Kf_AC_activation*0.00166112956810631*G_a_s_cyto*AC_cyto_mem + -(AC_activation_Kr_AC_activation*AC_active_cyto_mem))*cyto_mem;
  AC_basal: ATP_cyto -> cAMP_cyto; Vmax_AC_basal_AC_basal*0.00166112956810631*ATP_cyto*(1/(AC_basal_Km_AC_basal + 0.00166112956810631*ATP_cyto))*cyto_mem;
  B1: R2C2_cyto + cAMP_cyto -> c_R2C2_cyto; (B1_Kf*0.00166112956810631*R2C2_cyto*0.00166112956810631*cAMP_cyto + -(B1_Kr*0.00166112956810631*c_R2C2_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  GRK: iso_BAR_cyto_mem -> iso_BAR_p_cyto_mem; Vmax_grk_GRK*iso_BAR_cyto_mem*(1/(GRK_Km_grk + iso_BAR_cyto_mem))*cyto_mem;
  PKA_P_PDE: PDE4_cyto -> PDE4_P_cyto; Vmax_PKA_P_PDE*0.00166112956810631*PDE4_cyto*(1/(PKA_P_PDE_Km + 0.00166112956810631*PDE4_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  Raf_activates_MEK: MEK_cyto -> MEK_active_cyto; Vmax_Raf_activates_MEK*0.00166112956810631*MEK_cyto*(1/(Raf_activates_MEK_Km + 0.00166112956810631*MEK_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  PTP_PKA: MAPK_active_cyto -> MAPK_cyto; Vmax_PTP_PKA*0.00166112956810631*MAPK_active_cyto*(1/(PTP_PKA_Km + 0.00166112956810631*MAPK_active_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  B2: c_R2C2_cyto + cAMP_cyto -> c2_R2C2_cyto; (B2_Kf*0.00166112956810631*c_R2C2_cyto*0.00166112956810631*cAMP_cyto + -(B2_Kr*0.00166112956810631*c2_R2C2_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  PTP: MAPK_active_cyto -> MAPK_cyto; Vmax_PTP*0.00166112956810631*MAPK_active_cyto*(1/(PTP_Km + 0.00166112956810631*MAPK_active_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  iso_binds_BAR_g: iso_extra + BAR_G_cyto_mem -> iso_BAR_G_cyto_mem; (iso_binds_BAR_g_Kf*0.00166112956810631*iso_extra*BAR_G_cyto_mem + -(iso_binds_BAR_g_Kr*iso_BAR_G_cyto_mem))*cyto_mem;
  PPase_MAPK: MAPK_active_cyto -> MAPK_cyto; Vmax_PPase_MAPK*0.00166112956810631*MAPK_active_cyto*(1/(PPase_MAPK_Km + 0.00166112956810631*MAPK_active_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  pp2a_4: PDE4_P_cyto -> PDE4_cyto; Vmax_pp2a_4_pp2a_4*0.00166112956810631*PDE4_P_cyto*(1/(pp2a_4_Km_pp2a_4 + 0.00166112956810631*PDE4_P_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  pp_ptp: PTP_PKA_cyto -> PTP_cyto; Vmax_pp_ptp*0.00166112956810631*PTP_PKA_cyto*(1/(pp_ptp_Km + 0.00166112956810631*PTP_PKA_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  GRK_bg: iso_BAR_cyto_mem -> iso_BAR_p_cyto_mem; Vmax_GRK_bg_GRK_bg*iso_BAR_cyto_mem*(1/(GRK_bg_Km_GRK_bg + iso_BAR_cyto_mem))*cyto_mem;
  G_binds_BAR: BAR_cyto_mem + G_protein_cyto -> BAR_G_cyto_mem; (G_binds_BAR_Kf_G_binds_BAR*BAR_cyto_mem*0.00166112956810631*G_protein_cyto + -(G_binds_BAR_Kr_G_binds_BAR*BAR_G_cyto_mem))*cyto_mem;
  PPase_mek: MEK_active_cyto -> MEK_cyto; Vmax_PPase_mek*0.00166112956810631*MEK_active_cyto*(1/(PPase_mek_Km + 0.00166112956810631*MEK_active_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);
  A1: c2_R2C2_cyto + cAMP_cyto -> c3_R2C2_cyto; (A1_Kf*0.00166112956810631*c2_R2C2_cyto*0.00166112956810631*cAMP_cyto + -(A1_Kr*0.00166112956810631*c3_R2C2_cyto))*cyto*1*(1/KMOLE);

  // Species initializations:
  AC_active_cyto_mem = 0;
  AC_active_cyto_mem has molecules_um_2;
  G_GDP_cyto = 0;
  G_GDP_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  G_protein_cyto = 2167.2;
  G_protein_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  G_a_s_cyto = 0;
  G_a_s_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  GRK_bg_cyto = 0;
  GRK_bg_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  iso_BAR_p_cyto_mem = 0;
  iso_BAR_p_cyto_mem has molecules_um_2;
  PDE4_cyto = 240.8;
  PDE4_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  ATP_cyto = 3010000;
  ATP_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  AC_PKA_cyto_mem = 0;
  AC_PKA_cyto_mem has molecules_um_2;
  R2C2_cyto = 120.4;
  R2C2_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  PP_PDE_cyto = 120.4;
  PP_PDE_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  BAR_cyto_mem = 94;
  BAR_cyto_mem has molecules_um_2;
  BAR_G_cyto_mem = 0;
  BAR_G_cyto_mem has molecules_um_2;
  iso_extra = 6020;
  iso_extra has molecule_per_volume;
  iso_BAR_cyto_mem = 0;
  iso_BAR_cyto_mem has molecules_um_2;
  MAPK_active_cyto = 0;
  MAPK_active_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  MEK_cyto = 108.36;
  MEK_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  MEK_active_cyto = 0;
  MEK_active_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  B_Raf_active_cyto = 0;
  B_Raf_active_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  bg_cyto = 0;
  bg_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  B_Raf_cyto = 120.4;
  B_Raf_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  PKA_cyto = 0;
  PKA_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  AC_cyto_mem = 300;
  AC_cyto_mem has molecules_um_2;
  AMP_cyto = 3010000;
  AMP_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  GRK_cyto = 0.602;
  GRK_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  PP2A_cyto = 60.2;
  PP2A_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  MAPK_cyto = 216.72;
  MAPK_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  PTP_cyto = 120.4;
  PTP_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  PTP_PKA_cyto = 0;
  PTP_PKA_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  c_R2C2_cyto = 0;
  c_R2C2_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  c2_R2C2_cyto = 0;
  c2_R2C2_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  c3_R2C2_cyto = 0;
  c3_R2C2_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  iso_BAR_G_cyto_mem = 0;
  iso_BAR_G_cyto_mem has molecules_um_2;
  PDE_high_km_cyto = 301;
  PDE_high_km_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  cAMP_cyto = 0;
  cAMP_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  PTP_PP_cyto = 60.2;
  PTP_PP_cyto has molecule_per_volume;
  PDE4_P_cyto = 0;
  PDE4_P_cyto has molecule_per_volume;

  // Compartment initializations:
  cyto = 1;
  extra = 0.111111111111111;
  cyto_mem = 0.2;
  cyto_mem has um2;

  // Variable initializations:
  KMOLE = 0.00166112956810631;
  KMOLE has uM_um3_molecules_1;
  Vmax_pde4_p_pde4_p has uM_s_1;
  kcat_PPase_Raf = 5;
  kcat_PPase_Raf has s_1;
  Vmax_PPase_Raf has uM_s_1;
  Vmax_PDE4_PDE4 has uM_s_1;
  Vmax_MEK_activates_MAPK has uM_s_1;
  kcat_PKA_activates_Raf = 10;
  kcat_PKA_activates_Raf has s_1;
  Vmax_PKA_activates_Raf has uM_s_1;
  Vmax_AC_active_AC_active has molecules_um_2_s_1;
  Vmax_highKM_PDE has uM_s_1;
  kcat_PKA_P_PTP = 0.2;
  kcat_PKA_P_PTP has s_1;
  Vmax_PKA_P_PTP has uM_s_1;
  Vmax_AC_basal_AC_basal has molecules_um_2_s_1;
  Vmax_grk_GRK has molecules_um_2_s_1;
  Vmax_PKA_P_PDE has uM_s_1;
  Vmax_Raf_activates_MEK has uM_s_1;
  kcat_PTP_PKA = 0.1;
  kcat_PTP_PKA has s_1;
  Vmax_PTP_PKA has uM_s_1;
  kcat_PTP = 1.06;
  kcat_PTP has s_1;
  Vmax_PTP has uM_s_1;
  kcat_PPase_MAPK = 0.636;
  kcat_PPase_MAPK has s_1;
  Vmax_PPase_MAPK has uM_s_1;
  Vmax_pp2a_4_pp2a_4 has uM_s_1;
  kcat_pp_ptp_pp_ptp = 5;
  kcat_pp_ptp_pp_ptp has s_1;
  Vmax_pp_ptp has uM_s_1;
  Vmax_GRK_bg_GRK_bg has molecules_um_2_s_1;
  kcat_PPase_mek = 5;
  kcat_PPase_mek has s_1;
  Vmax_PPase_mek has uM_s_1;
  activate_Gs_I = 0;
  activate_Gs_I has pA_um_2;
  activate_Gs_Kf_activate_Gs = 0.025;
  activate_Gs_Kf_activate_Gs has s_1;
  activate_Gs_Kr_activate_Gs = 0;
  activate_Gs_Kr_activate_Gs has _one_000000_0_m6_mol_2_s_1;
  pde4_p_Km_pde4_p = 1.3;
  pde4_p_Km_pde4_p has uM;
  PPase_Raf_Km = 15.7;
  PPase_Raf_Km has uM;
  iso_binds_BAR_I = 0;
  iso_binds_BAR_I has pA_um_2;
  iso_binds_BAR_Kf = 1;
  iso_binds_BAR_Kf has uM_1_s_1;
  iso_binds_BAR_Kr = 0.2;
  iso_binds_BAR_Kr has s_1;
  PDE4_Km_PDE4 = 1.3;
  PDE4_Km_PDE4 has uM;
  bg_binds_GRK_Kf_bg_binds_GRK = 1;
  bg_binds_GRK_Kf_bg_binds_GRK has uM_1_s_1;
  bg_binds_GRK_Kr_bg_binds_GRK = 0.25;
  bg_binds_GRK_Kr_bg_binds_GRK has s_1;
  MEK_activates_MAPK_Km = 0.046296;
  MEK_activates_MAPK_Km has uM;
  PKA_activates_Raf_Km = 0.5;
  PKA_activates_Raf_Km has uM;
  AC_active_I = 0;
  AC_active_I has pA_um_2;
  AC_active_Km_AC_active = 32;
  AC_active_Km_AC_active has uM;
  GTPase_Kf_GTPase = 0.06667;
  GTPase_Kf_GTPase has s_1;
  GTPase_Kr_GTPase = 0;
  GTPase_Kr_GTPase has s_1;
  trimer_Kf_trimer = 6;
  trimer_Kf_trimer has uM_1_s_1;
  trimer_Kr_trimer = 0;
  trimer_Kr_trimer has s_1;
  G_binds_iso_BAR_I = 0;
  G_binds_iso_BAR_I has pA_um_2;
  G_binds_iso_BAR_Kf_G_binds_iso_BAR = 10;
  G_binds_iso_BAR_Kf_G_binds_iso_BAR has uM_1_s_1;
  G_binds_iso_BAR_Kr_G_binds_iso_BAR = 0.1;
  G_binds_iso_BAR_Kr_G_binds_iso_BAR has s_1;
  A2_Kf = 8.35;
  A2_Kf has uM_1_s_1;
  A2_Kr = 0.0167;
  A2_Kr has s_1;
  highKM_PDE_Km = 15;
  highKM_PDE_Km has uM;
  PKA_P_PTP_Km = 0.1;
  PKA_P_PTP_Km has uM;
  AC_activation_I = 0;
  AC_activation_I has pA_um_2;
  AC_activation_Kf_AC_activation = 500;
  AC_activation_Kf_AC_activation has uM_1_s_1;
  AC_activation_Kr_AC_activation = 1;
  AC_activation_Kr_AC_activation has s_1;
  AC_basal_I = 0;
  AC_basal_I has pA_um_2;
  AC_basal_Km_AC_basal = 1030;
  AC_basal_Km_AC_basal has uM;
  B1_Kf = 0.0059;
  B1_Kf has uM_1_s_1;
  B1_Kr = 0.00028;
  B1_Kr has s_1;
  GRK_I = 0;
  GRK_I has pA_um_2;
  GRK_Km_grk = 15;
  GRK_Km_grk has molecules_um_2;
  PKA_P_PDE_Km = 0.5;
  PKA_P_PDE_Km has uM;
  Raf_activates_MEK_Km = 0.15909;
  Raf_activates_MEK_Km has uM;
  PTP_PKA_Km = 9;
  PTP_PKA_Km has uM;
  B2_Kf = 0.0059;
  B2_Kf has uM_1_s_1;
  B2_Kr = 0.00028;
  B2_Kr has s_1;
  PTP_Km = 0.46;
  PTP_Km has uM;
  iso_binds_BAR_g_I = 0;
  iso_binds_BAR_g_I has pA_um_2;
  iso_binds_BAR_g_Kf = 1;
  iso_binds_BAR_g_Kf has uM_1_s_1;
  iso_binds_BAR_g_Kr = 0.062;
  iso_binds_BAR_g_Kr has s_1;
  PPase_MAPK_Km = 0.77;
  PPase_MAPK_Km has uM;
  pp2a_4_Km_pp2a_4 = 8;
  pp2a_4_Km_pp2a_4 has uM;
  pp_ptp_Km = 6;
  pp_ptp_Km has uM;
  GRK_bg_I = 0;
  GRK_bg_I has pA_um_2;
  GRK_bg_Km_GRK_bg = 4;
  GRK_bg_Km_GRK_bg has molecules_um_2;
  G_binds_BAR_I = 0;
  G_binds_BAR_I has pA_um_2;
  G_binds_BAR_Kf_G_binds_BAR = 0.3;
  G_binds_BAR_Kf_G_binds_BAR has uM_1_s_1;
  G_binds_BAR_Kr_G_binds_BAR = 0.1;
  G_binds_BAR_Kr_G_binds_BAR has s_1;
  PPase_mek_Km = 15.7;
  PPase_mek_Km has uM;
  A1_Kf = 8.35;
  A1_Kf has uM_1_s_1;
  A1_Kr = 0.0167;
  A1_Kr has s_1;

  // Other declarations:
  var Vmax_pde4_p_pde4_p, Vmax_PPase_Raf, Vmax_PDE4_PDE4, Vmax_MEK_activates_MAPK;
  var Vmax_PKA_activates_Raf, Vmax_AC_active_AC_active, Vmax_highKM_PDE, Vmax_PKA_P_PTP;
  var Vmax_AC_basal_AC_basal, Vmax_grk_GRK, Vmax_PKA_P_PDE, Vmax_Raf_activates_MEK;
  var Vmax_PTP_PKA, Vmax_PTP, Vmax_PPase_MAPK, Vmax_pp2a_4_pp2a_4, Vmax_pp_ptp;
  var Vmax_GRK_bg_GRK_bg, Vmax_PPase_mek;
  const cyto, extra, cyto_mem, KMOLE, kcat_PPase_Raf, kcat_PKA_activates_Raf;
  const kcat_PKA_P_PTP, kcat_PTP_PKA, kcat_PTP, kcat_PPase_MAPK, kcat_pp_ptp_pp_ptp;
  const kcat_PPase_mek;

  // Unit definitions:
  unit substance = item;
  unit volume = (1e-006 metre)^3;
  unit area = (1e-6 metre)^2;
  unit molecule = item;
  unit um2 = (1e-6 metre)^2;
  unit uM_um3_molecules_1 = 1e-6 mole / (item * litre * (1e-6 metre)^3);
  unit molecules_um_2_s_1 = item / ((1e-6 metre)^2 * second);
  unit pA_um_2 = dimensionless * ampere / metre^2;
  unit s_1 = 1 / second;
  unit _one_000000_0_m6_mol_2_s_1 = 1e+006 dimensionless * metre^6 / (mole^2 * second);
  unit uM_s_1 = 0.001 dimensionless * mole / (metre^3 * second);
  unit uM = 0.001 dimensionless * mole / metre^3;
  unit uM_1_s_1 = 1000 dimensionless * metre^3 / (mole * second);
  unit molecules_um_2 = item / (1e-6 metre)^2;
  unit molecule_per_volume = item / (1e-006 metre)^3;
end